Pemasalahan Pada PC

Permasalahan pada tampilan

Analisa & solusi :
1. Lihat lampu indikator
2. Cek pengatur brightnes dan contrast
3. Lihat tampilan self test pada layar
4. Perikasa kabel power pada monitor
5. Perikasa hubungan kabel kabel data pada port video out dan display adapter

Penyebab lain :
1. Kerusakan kartu display adapter (bunyi normal : bip … & bunyi ada masalah : biip…bip…bip…bip)
2. Memori / RAM

Analisa & solusi :
1. Cek perangkat keras dan lunak display adapter
2. Pengaturan resolusi display adapter dengan cara restart pada safe mode dengan tekan F8, klik kanan desktop pilih properties dan pilih tab setting. Pada tab setting turunkan resolusi display dan pilih apply – OK.
Penyebab lain :
1. Kerusakan pada operating system dan perangkat keras (hardware itu sendiri)

Permasalahan pada Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk tidak dikenal
Analisa & solusi :
1. Cek hubungan kabel data dan power pada hardisk
2.        Cek pada konfigurasi BIOS / CMOS setup (pilih auto detection untuk kemudahan)
Penyebab lain :
1.    IDE controller rusak

Tidak bisa boot dari hard disk
Analisa & solusi :
1. Jika ada pesan HDD controller failure maka bisa hardisk tidak dikenali bisa mencoba cek kabel data dan konfigurasi BIOS.
2. Jika pesan Missing operating system maka setup BIOS berubah atau sistem operasi hilang /terformat. Untuk mengatasi hal ini bisa bisa partisi ulang dan install OS ulang
3. Jika pesan yang tampil Bad or Missing command interpreter maka bisa mencoba boot dari disket bootable “sesuai dgn OS” kemudian copy file COMMAND.COM ke hard disk .Bila tidak bisa menyimpan pada hard disk maka bisa di cek kapasitas hard disk penuh/kosong, hard disk terkena virus bisa diatasi dengan anti virus dan juga bisa ada kesalahan konfigurasi system operasi (CONFIG.SYS) dan kemungkinan lain kerusakan pada struktur file hard disk (FAT/ SCSI).
4. Bisa mengganti dengan hard disk baru dan buat min 2 partisi untuk sistem dan back up data.

Penyebab lain :
1.Hard disk boot record pada boot sector rusak
2. Bad sector pada hard disk “lokasi pada hardisk tidak bisa digunakan karena rusak/bad”

Paralel prosessing komputasi adalah proses atau pekerjaan komputasi di komputer dengan memakai suatu bahasa pemrograman yang dijalankan secara paralel pada saat bersamaan. Secara umum komputasi paralel diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kecepatan komputasi bila dibandingkan dengan pemakaian komputasi pada komputer tunggal.
Penggunaan komputasi parallel prosessing merupakan pilihan yang cukup handal untuk saat ini untuk pengolahan data yang besar dan banyak, hal ini apabila dibandingkan dengan membeli suatu super komputer yang harganya sangat mahal maka penggunaan komputasi parallel prosessing merupakan pilihan yang sangat tepat untuk pengolahan data tersebut.
Aspek keamanan merupakan suatu aspek penting dalam sistem parallel prosessing komputasi ini, karena didalam sistem akan banyak berkaitan dengan akses data, hak pengguna, keamanan data, keamanan jaringan terhadap peyerangan sesorang atau bahkan virus sehingga akan menghambat kinerja dari system komputasi ini.
Parallel komputasi adalah melakukan perhitungan komputasi dengan menggunakan 2 atau lebih CPU/Processor dalam suatu komputer yang sama atau komputer yang berbeda dimana dalam hal ini setiap instruksi dibagi kedalam beberapa instruksi kemudian dikirim ke processor yang terlibat komputasi dan dilakukan secara bersamaan. Untuk proses pembagian proses komputasi tersebut dilakukan oleh suatu software yang betugas untuk mengatur komputasi dalam hal makalah ini akan digunakan Message Parsing Interface (MPI).
Berikut ini adalah gambar perbedaa antara komputasi tunggal dengan parallel komputasi :
a) komputasi tunggal/serial

b) komputasi parallel

Apa itu GPU?

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) adalah sebuah device yang secara khusus ditugaskan hanya untuk mengolah tampilan graphics. Pada graphics card add-on, yang dimaksud dengan GPUnya adalah chip graphics-nya yang kita kenal dengan nama GeForce, Radeon, dan lainnya. Sedangkan pada solusi integrated graphics, GPU-nya biasanya tidak berupa chip mandiri karena sudah diintegrasikan ke dalam chipset motherboard.

Istilah GPU sendiri dipopulerkan oleh chip graphics buatan NVIDIA, yaitu GeForce 256. Hal ini tidak lain karena trik marketing yang dilakukan NVIDIA. Pada saat peluncurannya tahun 1999, GeForce 256 dikenalkan kepada publik sebagai “The world’s first GPU”. Klaim ini sendiri tidak sepenuhnya benar apabila kita mengkategorikan GPU adalah semua chip yang bertugas untuk mengolah tampilan graphics. Ada banyak chip untuk graphics yang pernah hadir sebelum GeForce 256 lahir. Namun, pada waktu itu, chip-chip tersebut lebih dikenal dengan sebutan video card, 2D accelerator, atau 3D accelerator.

GPU, inti Graphics Card
Masih banyak orang yang belum tahu apa itu GPU. Padahal, nama-nama GPU seperti GeForce, Radeon, Xabre, dan Savage mungkin sudah tidak asing lagi di telinga.

Bila Anda senang bermain game di komputer pribadi (PC), pastinya Anda pernah mengalami kejadian seperti ini: Anda membeli sebuah game PC terbaru, namun ketika mencoba menjalankan game tersebut di PC, bukan rasa senang yang didapat melainkan rasa kecewa karena game tersebut tidak dapat dimainkan. Usut punya usut, tersangka utama penyebab kekecewaan Anda adalah komponen PC yang dikenal dengan nama graphics card.

Teman-teman Anda memberi masukan bahwa graphics card milik Anda sudah ketinggalan zaman dan Anda disarankan untuk membeli graphics card baru agar dapat memainkan game tersebut. Kalimat-kalimat yang sering terdengar adalah “VGA-nya belum mendukung DirectX 9 tuh,” “Game ini butuh pixel shader, tapi graphics card-nya belum punya pixel shader,” atau “Buat maen game ini, minimal mesti pake GeForce 6 atau Radeon seri X1000.” Yang menjadi pertanyaan sekarang, apakah Anda mengerti dengan istilah-istilah GPU, DirectX, Pixel Shader, GeForce, Radeon tersebut? Jika belum, simak ulasan sederhana dari CHIP berikut ini.

Graphics card adalah nama sebuah komponen PC yang tugas utamanya mengolah tampilan grafik. Dari namanya dapat diketahui bahwa sebenarnya graphics card berupa sebuah kartu (card) tambahan. Namun seringkali, istilah graphics card juga digunakan untuk chip graphics yang terdapat pada solusi integrated graphics (onboard graphics). Saat ini, di pasaran memang terdapat dua jenis solusi untuk mengolah tampilan grafik, yaitu menggunakan graphics card add-on atau menggunakan onboard graphics yang sudah disediakan oleh motherboard all-in-one. Meskipun berbeda, keduanya sama-sama memiliki GPU untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas mengolah tampilan grafik.

Beberapa di antaranya yang cukup terkenal adalah Riva TNT dari NVIDIA, Voodoo dari 3dfx, Virge dari S3, dan Rage dari ATI. Namun, klaim dari NVIDIA ini dapat dibenarkan apabila kita menganggap GPU adalah chip graphics modern yang sudah independen atau dengan kata lain, hanya memerlukan sedikit resources dari CPU dalam proses pengolahan graphics-nya.

Perbedaan antara GeForce 256 dan chip graphics era sebelumnya, terletak pada ada-tidaknya feature hardware transform dan lighting. Pada era chip graphics sebelumnya proses transform dan lighting ini dirender oleh CPU. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan chip graphics sebelum GeForce 256 disebut belum independen, mereka masih mengandalkan CPU dalam sebagian proses pengerjaan tugasnya.

Dalam perjalanannya, banyak yang salah kaprah dalam membedakan graphics card dengan GPU. Oleh sebab itu, seperti yang sudah CHIP jelaskan sebelumnya, GPU adalah chip graphics yang digunakan oleh graphics card. Sedangkan graphics card adalah card yang berfungsi untuk mengolah tampilan (graphics) di PC. Nah, GPU ini sederhananya dapat dianggap sebagai otak graphics card.

Feature yang ada di GPU
Sekarang ini, GPU menjadi bagian tidak terpisahkan dari PC. Semua PC modern yang ada sekarang ini pastinya memiliki
GPU di dalamnya. Untuk mengenal GPU lebih dalam, mari kita lihat beberapa feature yang ada pada GPU.

1. Anisotropic Filtering: Metode untuk mempertajam kualitas tekstur gambar 3D. Teknik ini biasanya digunakan untuk mempertajam tampilan gambar terutama pada gambar yang letaknya jauh dari objek utama.

2. Anti Aliasing: Teknik untuk meminimalikan aliasing atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan jaggies. Aliasing sendiri sederhananya dapat diilustrasikan sebagai tepi dari gambar 3D yang tidak halus. Contohnya adalah sebuah tepi sebuah gambar atap 3D yang seharusnya berbentuk lurus, tetapi tampilannya berbentuk seperti tangga di layar monitor. Teknik anti-aliasing ini digunakan untuk menghaluskan tampilan tangga tadi sehingga tampilannya menjadi seperti garis lurus.

3. DirectX & Direct3D: Kumpulan API dari Microsoft yang berguna menangani tugas yang berhubungan dengan multimedia. DirectX berhubungan langsung dengan hardware (sound card, graphics card, input device, dan network) ketika PC menjalankan fungsi multimedia seperti bermain game, mendengar musik, dan lainnya. Sedangkan Direct3D adalah bagian dari DirectX yang fungsi utamanya mengatur rendering tampilan gambar 3D.

4. OpenGL: Sama seperti DirectX, OpenGL juga berisi kumpulan API. Namun, API yang ada pada OpenGL khusus berhubungan dengan tampilan gambar 3D (dan sedikit 2D). OpenGL dikembangkan oleh organisasi yang dinamakan OpenGL Architectural Review Board (ARB).

5. Shader Model: Standar dari Microsoft untuk menentukan jenis shader yang digunakan. Shader Model terdiri atas dua shader, yaitu pixel shader dan vertex shader. Shader model pertama kali muncul bersamaan dengan hadirnya GeForce 3. Sekarang ini, shader model sudah sampai pada versi 3.0 (SM 3.0).

GeForce 256 : Graphics card ini menandai era munculnya GPU modern.

6. Transform and Lighting: T&L adalah proses meningkatkan kualitas gambar 3D sehingga lebih mirip dengan keadaan dunia nyata. Transform sendiri bertugas untuk mengubah koordinat 3D ke dalam pandangan 2D. Sedangkan Lighting berguna untuk menangani pencahayaan objek.

7. High Dynamic Range (HDR): Teknik untuk menjadikan gambar 3D menjadi lebih realistis. HDR memungkinkan tampilan gambar menggunakan warna yang nilainya lebih tinggi daripada nilai normal yang biasanya digunakan. Dengan cara ini, tampilan gambar akan menjadi lebih besar range warna-nya sehingga tampak lebih nyata.

Perbedaan dulu dan sekarang

Dulu dan sekarang
Seiring bertambahnya waktu, teknologi GPU berkembang pesat. Bahkan sekarang ini, GPU bisa dibilang lebih komplek daripada CPU (Berdasarkan jumlah transistor yang dimilikinya). GPU pun dijadikan ajang persaingan antara NVIDIA dan ATI dalam memperebutkan tahta “King of Graphics Card”. Untuk itu mari kita lihat spesifikasi dari the “last” best GPU yang digunakan oleh dua graphics card tercepat saat ini, yaitu Radeon X1950 dari ATI dan GeForce 7950GX2 dari NVIDIA.

Pertama-tama mari kita lihat GPU yang digunakan oleh Radeon X1950 dari ATI. GPU ini memiliki kode nama R580+ (R580 yang kemampuannya ditingkatkan). Sama seperti R580, R580+ masih diproduksi menggunakan proses fabrikasi 0,09 micron yang terdiri atas 384 juta transistor. Sedangkan untuk kecepatannya, referensi resmi ATI adalah 650 MHz. GPU ini memiliki 8 vertex pipeline dan 48 pixel pipeline engine.

GPU yang kedua adalah GeForce 7950GX2. Monster graphics card NVIDIA ini dimotori GPU dengan kode nama G71. Sama seperti R580, G71 juga diproduksi menggunakan proses fabrikasi 0,09 micron. Hebatnya lagi, GeForce 7950GX2 tidak menggunakan satu GPU, melainkan dipersenjatai dengan dua GPU G71. Satu G71 terdiri atas 278 juta transistor. Jadi total ada 556 juta transistor yang tertanam di dalam GeForce 7950GX2. G71 sendiri memiliki 8 vertex pipeline dan 24 pixel pipeline, jadi GeForce 7950 dibekali oleh 16 vertex pipeline dan 48 pixel pipeline.

Kecanggihan yang dimiliki oleh kedua GPU dari ATI dan NVIDIA ini sungguh luar biasa apabila dibandingkan dengan “GPU pertama”, GeForce 256. Dari segi arsitektur saja, GeForce 256 diproduksi dengan proses fabrikasi 0,22 micron sedangkan kedua GPU baru tersebut sudah diproduksi dengan 0,09 micron. Dengan menggunakan proses fabrikasi tersebut, pada tahun 1999 GeForce 256 menjadi GPU dengan jumlah transistor terbanyak, yaitu sejumlah 23 juta transistor. Bayangkan, hanya berselang tujuh, tahun transistor yang dapat ditanam dalam sebuah chip graphics yang kecil itu meningkat hampir tujuh belas kalinya.

Sekarang dari sisi interface. Pada tahun 1999, GeForce 256 menggunakan interface AGP atau PCI. Saat ini, interface AGP masih digunakan, tetapi sebagian besar graphics card terbaru sudah menggunakan interface PCI-Express (PCIe). Interface ini secara teori memiliki jalur bandwidth 16 kali lebih besar daripada AGP versi pertama. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa processing data di GPU terbaru jauh lebih besar daripada di GeForce 256.

Graphics Processing Unit – Bentuk Fisik

Apabila Anda penasaran ingin melihat bentuk fisik GPU yang digunakan graphics card Anda, coba buka heatsink dan fan (HSF) yang menempel di graphics card tersebut. Caranya, dengan membuka kunci-kunci yang menempel di card-nya. Setelah HSF dibuka, Anda akan melihat sebuah chip. Chip inilah yang dinamakan dengan GPU. Sedangkan kode nama GPU itu biasanya tergrafir di atasnya.

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), yang selama ini menjadi kompetitor Intel telah mengikat GPU dan CPU menjadi satu
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) mengumumkan restrukturisasi ulang perusahaan pada Rabu (6/5). Restrukturisasi tersebut dilakukan terhadap dua unit bisnis yang awalnya berdiri sendiri-sendiri dan kini menjadi satu.
Bersatunya unit bisnis GPU dan CPU dipercaya AMD akan mampu memberikan dampak efisiensi ketimbang dilakukan secara terpisah. Menurut Drew Prairie (juru bicara AMD), meski perusahaan tengah mengalami restrukturisasi, namun tidak ada pengurangan pegawai.
Unit bisnis yang digabungkan tersebut adalah mikroprosesor dan teknologi grafis masa depan ke dalam satu payung integrasi. Di dalamnya terdapat empat hal yang akan digenjot, yakni produksi grafis, perkembangan teknologi masa depan, pemasaran dan hubungan dengan konsumen yang akan bertanggung jawab terhadap persiapan produk grafis dan mikroprosesor serta desain chip. Grup pimpinan Rick Bergman (wakil presiden senior AMD) akan menjalankan produk grafis. Sedangkan grup yang lain (teknologi masa depan, pemasaran dan hubungan dengan konsumen).
Dari sumber yang kami lansir, AMD menyatakan keraguan dengan rencana pemakaian merk ATI pada setiap produk AMD. Sedikit ditarik ke belakang, tahun 2006 silam, AMD telah membeli ATI senilai US$ 5,4 miliar, namun demikian semenjak akuisisi tersebut belum tampak adanya keuntungan dalam hal teknologi maupun keuangan.
Struktur ulang ini disinyalir sebagai dampak berakhirnya masa jabatan Randy Allen sebagai SVP of the Computing Solutions Group yang telah diputuskan keluar dari jabatan dengan alasan yang tidak dijelaskan secara pasti. (Indah PM/ itworld)

Kenape Selalu "Blue Screen" ENGLISH VERSION" for WinXP

I have been seeing quite a few posts regarding the dreaded Blue Screen of Death, and what the STOP codes mean. This is a fairly extensive list of the most common stop errors, their corrasponding codes, and recommended solutions. 

Windows XP Blue Screen of Death STOP Codes


When Windows XP detects a problem from which it cannot recover, it displays Stop messages. These are text-mode error messages that report information about the condition. 

Stop messages, sometimes referred to as blue screens (BSoD), contain specific information that can help you diagnose and possibly resolve the problem detected by the Windows kernel.

This list describes these messages and helps you understand and interpret them.

This list is NOT exhaustive or meant to resolve EVERY error.
This list of messages is a guide to individual messages and their possible causes and resolutions... Having a basic understanding of these error messages enables you to communicate with your technical support professional more effectively too.

With all these Stop messages, you can pretty much assume someone else has encountered the problem before you. That is why tying in the error message into www.google.com , posting a notice for help on a relevant newsgroup and entering the stop code into the "Microsoft Knowledge Base" can yield help just when you need it!

Here is the (long) list:

Stop 0x0000000A or IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL


The Stop 0xA message indicates that a kernel-mode process or driver attempted to access a memory location to which it did not have permission, or at a kernel interrupt request level (IRQL) that was too high. A kernel-mode process can access only other processes that have an IRQL lower than, or equal to, its own. This Stop message is typically due to faulty or incompatible hardware or software.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0xA message might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• A Stop 0xA message might also be due to failing or defective hardware. If a Stop message points to a category of devices (video or disk adapters, for example), try removing or replacing the hardware to determine if it is causing the problem.

• If you encounter a Stop 0xA message while upgrading to Windows XPl, the problem might be due to an incompatible driver, system service, virus scanner, or backup. To avoid problems while upgrading, simplify your hardware configuration and remove all third-party device drivers and system services (including virus scanners) prior to running setup. After you have successfully installed Windows XP, contact the hardware manufacturer to obtain compatible updates. 

Stop 0x0000001E or KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED

The Stop 0x1E message indicates that the Windows XP kernel detected an illegal or unknown processor instruction. The problems that cause Stop 0x1E messages share similarities with those that generate Stop 0xA errors in that they can be due to invalid memory and access violations. This default Windows XP error handler typically intercepts these problems if error-handling routines are not present in the code itself.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x1E messages typically occur after installing faulty drivers or system services, or they can indicate hardware problems, such as memory and IRQ conflicts. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll it back to correct the problem. If disabling or removing applications and drivers resolves the issue, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• If the Stop message mentions the file Win32k.sys, the source of the error might be a third-party "remote control" program. If such software is installed, you might be able to disable it by starting the system in safe mode. If not, use Recovery Console to manually delete the system service file that is causing the problem.

• Problems can result from system firmware incompatibilities. Many Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) issues can be resolved by updating to the latest firmware.

• Other possible causes include insufficient disk space while installing applications or performing certain functions that require more memory. You can free up space by deleting unneeded files. Use Disk Cleanup to increase available disk space. From Recovery Console, remove temporary files (those with .tmp file extensions), Internet cache files, application backup files, and .tmp files generated by Chkdsk.exe or Autochk.exe. You can also choose to install additional applications to another hard disk with more free space or move data files, paging files, and so on.

• The problem might be due to a memory leak caused by an application or service that is not releasing memory correctly. Poolmon (Poolmon.exe) helps you to isolate the components that are causing kernel memory leaks. For more information about troubleshooting memory leaks, see Microsoft Knowledgebase articles Q177415, "How to Use Poolmon to Troubleshoot Kernel Mode Memory Leaks," and Q298102, "Finding Pool Tags Used by Third Party Files Without Using the Debugger." 

Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM

The Stop 0x24 message indicates that a problem occurred within Ntfs.sys, the driver file that allows the system to read and write to NTFS file system drives. A similar Stop message, 0x23, exists for the file allocation table (FAT16 or FAT32) file systems.

Possible Resolutions:

• Malfunctioning SCSI and Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) hardware or drivers can also adversely affect the system's ability to read and write to disk, causing errors. If using SCSI hard disks, check for cabling and termination problems between the SCSI controller and the disks. Periodically check Event Viewer for error messages related to SCSI or FASTFAT in the System log or Autochk in the Application log. 

• Verify that the tools you use to continually monitor your system, such as virus scanners, backup programs, or disk defragmenters are compatible with Windows XP. Some disks and adapters come packaged with diagnostic software that you can use to run hardware tests. 
To test hard disk or volume integrity

Method 1:

1. In the Run dialog box, in the Open box type: 
cmd 

2. Start the Chkdsk tool, which detects and attempts to resolve file system structural corruption. At the command prompt type: 
chkdsk drive: /f 

Method 2:

1. Double-click My Computer, and then select the hard disk you want to check. 
2. On the File menu, click Properties. 
3. Click the Tools tab. 
4. In the Error-checking box, click Check Now. 
5. In Check disk options, select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box. You can also select the Automatically fix file system errors check box. 

If the volume you are checking is in use, a message asks whether you want to delay disk error checking until the next time you restart your computer. After you restart, disk error checking runs and the volume chosen is not available to run other tasks during this process. If you cannot restart the computer due to the error, use safe mode or Recovery Console.

If you are not using the NTFS file system, and the system partition is formatted with the file allocation table (FAT16 or FAT32) file system, long file name (LFN) information can be lost if hard disk tools are started from an MS-DOS command prompt. A command prompt appears when using a startup floppy disk or when using the command prompt startup option on multiple boot systems that use FAT16 or FAT32 partitions with Microsoft® Windows® 95 OEM Service Release 2 (OSR2), Microsoft® Windows® 98, or Microsoft® Windows® Millennium Edition (Me) installed. Do not use tools meant for other operating systems on Windows XP partitions! 

• Nonpaged pool memory might be depleted, which can cause the system to stop. You can resolve this situation by adding more RAM, which increases the quantity of nonpaged pool memory available to the kernel. 

Stop 0x0000002E or DATA_BUS_ERROR

The Stop 0x2E message indicates a system memory parity error. The cause is typically failed or defective RAM (including motherboard, Level 2 cache, or video memory), incompatible or mismatched memory hardware, or when a device driver attempts to access an address in the 0x8xxxxxxx range that does not exist (does not map to a physical address). A Stop 0x2E message can also indicate hard disk damage caused by viruses or other problems.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x2E is typically due to defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed.

• Stop 0x2E messages can also occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a file name is given, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. Disable the service or application and confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• Hard disk corruption can also cause this Stop message.

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

Stop 0x0000003F or NO_MORE_SYSTEM_PTES

The Stop 0x3F message indicates one or more of the following problems:

• The system Page Table Entries (PTEs) are depleted or fragmented due to the system performing a large number of input/output (I/O) actions. 

• A faulty device driver is not managing memory properly. 

• An application, such as a backup program, is improperly allocating large amounts of kernel memory. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x3F messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a file name is given, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. Disable the service or application and confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

• The system might not actually be out of PTEs, but a contiguous memory block of sufficient size is not available to satisfy a driver or application request. Check for the availability of updated driver or application files and consult the hardware or program documentation for minimum system requirements. 

• Another cause is excessive demands for system PTE by applications. This situation is more common in server environments. Windows XP Professional provides a registry entry, SystemPages, that you can use to increase the number of PTEs allocated. 
Caution

o Do not edit the registry unless you have no alternative. The registry editor bypasses standard safeguards, allowing settings that can damage your system, or even require you to reinstall Windows. If you must edit the registry, back it up first... 

To increase the number of PTEs allocated in the registry
1. In the Run dialog box, and in the Open box, type: regedit 

2. In the registry editor, navigate to the subkey HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\
Session Manager\Memory Management. 

3. Double-click on PagedPoolSize and SystemPages to view the value for each entry. 

4. If PagedPoolSize is not zero, assign a value of 0. 

5. If SystemPages is not zero, assign a value of 40000 for systems with 128 MB (or less) of memory, or 110000 for systems with 128 MB to 256 MB of memory. For systems with more memory, do not increase the SystemPages value above 110000 without contacting Microsoft technical support. 

6. Click OK, and then close the registry editor. 

7. Restart your computer. 

Stop 0x00000050 or PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA

The Stop 0x50 message indicates that requested data was not in memory. The system generates an exception error when using a reference to an invalid system memory address. Defective memory (including main memory, L2 RAM cache, video RAM) or incompatible software (including remote control and antivirus software) might cause Stop 0x50 messages.

Possible Resolutions:

• If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace the hardware to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the hardware manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Stop 0x50 messages can also occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If the file name is listed, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. If not, disable the recently installed service or application to determine if this resolves the error. If this does not resolve the problem, contact the hardware manufacturer for updates. Using updated drivers and software is especially important for network interface cards, video adapters, backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. If an updated driver is not available, attempt to use a driver from a similar device in the same family. For example, if printing to a Model 1100C printer causes Stop 0x50 errors, using a printer driver meant for a Model 1100A or Model 1000 might temporarily resolve the problem. 

Stop 0x00000077 or KERNEL_STACK_INPAGE_ERROR

The Stop 0x77 message indicates that a page of kernel data requested from the paging (virtual memory) file could not be found or read into memory. This Stop message can also indicate disk hardware failure, disk data corruption, or possible virus infection.
Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x77 messages can be caused by bad sectors in the virtual memory paging file or a disk controller error. In extremely rare cases, depleted nonpaged pool resources can cause this error. If the first and third parameters are zero, the stack signature in the kernel stack is missing, which is an error typically caused by defective hardware. If the I/O status is 0xC0000185 and the paging file is on a SCSI disk, check for cabling and termination issues. An I/O status code of 0xC000009C or 0xC000016A indicates that the requested data could not be found. You can try to correct this by restarting the computer. If a problem with disk integrity exists, Autochk, a program that attempts to mark bad disk sectors as defective so that they are not used in the future, starts automatically. If Autochk fails to run, you can manually perform the integrity check yourself by following the instructions to run Chkdsk provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this list.

• Another cause of Stop 0x77 messages is defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Problems that cause Stop 0x77 messages can also cause Stop 0x7A messages. For more information about Stop 0x7A messages, see "Stop 0x0000007A or KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR" later in this list. 

Stop 0x00000079 or MISMATCHED_HAL

The Stop 0x79 message indicates that the hardware abstraction layer (HAL) and the kernel type for the computer do not match. This error most often occurs when ACPI firmware settings are changed. For example, you might install Windows XP on an x86-based computer with the firmware ACPI enable option enabled and later decide to disable it. This error can also result when mismatched single and multi-processor configuration files are copied to the system.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0x79 message occurs when the system is using out-of-date Ntoskrnl.exe or Hal.dll files. This can occur after manual repairs that involve copying incorrect files to the system. This error also occurs when using mismatched files, such as copying a multiprocessor HAL on to a system using a single-processor kernel (or vice versa). The kernel and HAL files for single-processor and multiprocessor systems are stored on the Windows XP Professional operating system CD using two different file names. For example, the single and multi-processor versions of the kernel, named Ntoskrnl.exe and Ntkrnlmp.exe respectively. Setup copies either Ntoskrnl.exe or Ntkrnlmp.exe to your system as Ntoskrnl.exe. In Recovery Console, you can use the Copy command to copy the correct HAL or kernel files from the CD to the appropriate folder on the hard disk.

• If you experience Stop 0x79 messages after changing firmware settings, restore the original settings used during Windows XP Professional Setup. 

Because systems that use the ACPI HAL ignore IRQ assignments stored in firmware, you can only manually change IRQ settings for non-ACPI (Standard PC HAL) systems. Some x86-based provide the option to toggle ACPI functionality. To disable or re-enable ACPI, you must change firmware settings and reinstall Windows XP. Because of the numerous registry and system file changes required, you must run Setup again (an upgrade installation does not work). 

Stop 0x0000007A or KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR

The Stop 0x7A message indicates that a page of kernel data was not found in the paging (virtual memory) file and could not be read into memory. This might be due to incompatible disk or controller drivers, firmware, or hardware.

Frequently, the cause of this error can be determined from the second parameter, the I/O status code. Some common status codes are:

• 0xC000009A, or STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES, indicates a lack of nonpaged pool resources. 

• 0xC000009C, or STATUS_DEVICE_DATA_ERROR, indicates bad blocks (sectors) on the hard disk. 

• 0xC000009D, or STATUS_DEVICE_NOT_CONNECTED, indicates defective or loose data or power cables, a problem with SCSI termination, or improper controller or disk configuration. 

• 0xC000016A, or STATUS_DISK_OPERATION_FAILED, indicates bad blocks (sectors) on the hard disk. 

• 0xC0000185, or STATUS_IO_DEVICE_ERROR, indicates improper termination, defective storage controller hardware, or defective disk cabling, or two devices attempting to use the same resources. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x7A can be caused by bad sectors in the virtual memory paging file, disk controller error, virus infection, or memory hardware problems. In extremely rare cases, depleted nonpaged pool resources can cause this error. If the first and third parameters are zero, the stack signature in the kernel stack is missing, an error typically caused by defective hardware. If the I/O status is 0xC0000185 and the paging file is on a SCSI disk, check for cabling and termination issues. An I/O status code of 0xC000009C or 0xC000016A indicates that the requested data could not be found. You can try to correct this by restarting the computer. If a problem with disk integrity exists, Autochk, a program that attempts to mark bad disk sectors as defective so that they are not used in the future, starts automatically. If Autochk fails to run, you can manually perform the integrity check yourself by following the instructions to run Chkdsk provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this appendix. 

• Another cause of Stop 0x7A messages is defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Check the hardware manufacturer's Web site for updates to disk adapter firmware or drivers that improve compatibility. Verify that your disks and controller support the same set of advanced features, such as higher transfer rates. If necessary, select a slower transfer rate if an update is not yet available. Consult your hardware or device documentation for more information. 

IMPORTANT
o You can install disk controller drivers not present on the Windows XP Professional operating system CD by responding to the following prompt shortly after starting Setup: 

o Press F6 if you need to install a third party SCSI or RAID driver. 

o Press F6, and when prompted, provide the appropriate storage controller driver (ATA or SCSI) supplied by the manufacturer. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Problems that cause Stop 0x7A messages can also cause Stop 0x77 messages. For more information about Stop 0x77 messages, see "Stop 0x00000077 or KERNEL_STACK_INPAGE_ERROR" earlier in this list. 

Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE
The Stop 0x7B message indicates that Windows XP has lost access to the system partition or boot volume during the startup process. Installing incorrect device drivers when installing or upgrading storage adapter hardware typically causes stop 0x7B errors. Stop 0x7B errors could also indicate possible virus infection.

The second parameter is very important because it can indicate whether the 0x7B Stop message was caused by file system issues or problems with storage hardware and drivers. Values of 0xC000034 or 0xC000000E typically indicate:

• Disks or storage controllers that are failing, defective, or improperly configured. 

• Storage-related drivers or programs (tape management software, for example) that are not fully compatible with Windows XP Professional. 

Possible Resolutions:

• During I/O system initialization, the controller or driver for the startup device (typically the hard disk) might have failed to initialize the necessary hardware. File system initialization might have failed because of disk or controller failure, or because the file system did not recognize the data on the boot device. 

• Repartitioning disks, adding new disks, or upgrading to a new disk controller might cause the information in the Boot.ini file, or Boot Manager, to become outdated. If this Stop message occurs after installing new disks to your system, edit the Boot.ini file or adjust the Boot Manager parameters to allow the system to start. If the error occurs after upgrading the disk controller, verify that the new hardware is functioning and correctly configured. 

• Verify that the system firmware and disk controller BIOS settings are correct and that the storage device was properly installed. If you are unsure, consult your computer's documentation about restoring default firmware settings or configuring your system to auto-detect settings. If the error occurs during Windows XP Professional setup, the problem might be due to unsupported disk controller hardware. In some cases, drivers for new hardware are not in the Windows XP Professional Driver.cab library, and you need to provide additional drivers to complete the Windows XP setup successfully. If this is the case, follow the hardware manufacturer's instructions when installing drivers. Periodically check for driver and firmware updates. 

• Hard disk corruption can also cause this Stop message. For more information about checking hard disk integrity, see the instructions provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this list. 

• Problems that cause 0x7B errors might also cause Stop 0xED errors. For more information about 0xED Stop messages, see "Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE" later in this list. 

Stop 0x0000007F or UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP

The Stop 0x7F message indicates that one of three types of problems occurred in kernel-mode:

• A condition that the kernel is not allowed to have or intercept (also known as a bound trap). 

• Software problems. 

• Hardware failures. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x7F messages are typically due to defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Running the CPU beyond the rated specification, known as "overclocking," can cause Stop 0x7F or other error messages due to heat buildup. When diagnosing problems on overclocked systems, first restore all clock and bus speed settings to the manufacturer recommended values to determine if this resolves the issues. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Stop 0x7F messages can occur after installing incompatible applications, drivers, or system services. Contact the software manufacturer about possible Windows XP specific updates. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x0000009F or DRIVER_POWER_STATE_FAILURE

The Stop 0x9F message indicates that a driver is in an inconsistent or invalid power state.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x9F messages can occur after installing faulty applications or drivers or system services. If a file is listed by name and you can associate it with an application, uninstall the application. For drivers, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to to determine if this resolves the error. If it does, contact the hardware manufacturer for a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

• For information about troubleshooting standby and hibernate mode issues, see KB article Q266169, "How to Troubleshoot Problems with Standby Mode, Hibernate Mode, and Shutting Down Your Computer in Windows 2000." 

Stop 0xBE or ATTEMPTED_WRITE_TO_READONLY_MEMORY

The Stop 0xBE message indicates that a driver attempted to write to read-only memory.

Possible Resolutions:
• A Stop 0xBE message might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0xC2 or BAD_POOL_CALLER

The Stop 0xC2 message indicates that a kernel-mode process or driver incorrectly attempted to perform memory operations in the following ways:

• By allocating a memory pool size of zero bytes. 
• By allocating a memory pool that does not exist. 
• By attempting to free a memory pool that is already free. 
• By allocating or freeing a memory pool at an IRQL that was too high.

This Stop message is typically due to a faulty driver or software.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0xC2 messages might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

• A Stop 0xC2 messages might also be due to failing or defective hardware. If a Stop message points to a category of devices (such as disk controllers, for example), try removing or replacing the hardware to determine if it is causing the problem. 

• If you encounter a Stop 0xC2 message while upgrading to Windows XP, the problem might be due to an incompatible driver, system service, virus scanner, or backup. To avoid problems while upgrading, simplify your hardware configuration and remove all third-party device drivers and system services (including virus scanners) prior to running setup. After you have successfully installed Windows XP, contact the hardware manufacturer to obtain compatible updates. 

Stop 0x000000CE or DRIVER_UNLOADED_WITHOUT
_CANCELLING_PENDING_OPERATIONS

This Stop messages indicates that a driver failed to cancel pending operations before exiting.

Possible Resolutions:
• Stop 0xCE messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000D1 or DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL

The Stop 0xD1 messages indicates that the system attempted to access pageable memory using a kernel process IRQL that was too high. Drivers that have used improper addresses typically cause this error.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0xD1 messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000EA or THREAD_STUCK_IN_DEVICE_DRIVER

A device driver problem is causing the system to pause indefinitely. Typically, this problem is caused by a display driver waiting for the video hardware to enter an idle state. This might indicate a hardware problem with the video adapter or a faulty video driver.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0xD1 messages can occur after installing faulty drivers (especially video drivers) or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000ED or UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME

The kernel mode I/O subsystem attempted to mount the boot volume and it failed. This error might also occur during an upgrade to Windows XP Professional on systems that use higher throughput ATA disks or controllers with incorrect cabling. In some cases, your system might appear to work normally after you restart.

Possible Resolutions:

• If using higher throughput ATA disks and controllers, those capable of data transfer rates above 33.3 megabytes per second, replace the standard 40-pin cable with an 80-pin cable. Using an 80-pin cable is optional for transfer rates up to and including 33.3 megabytes per second, but is mandatory for higher transfer rates. The additional grounded pins are required to avoid data loss. 

• Some firmware enables you to force higher transfer rates even when you are using the incorrect cable type. Your firmware might issue a warning but allow the startup process to proceed. Restore the default firmware setting for ATA cable detection. 

• Problems that cause 0xED errors might also cause Stop 0x7B errors. For more information about 0x7B Stop messages, see "Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE" earlier in this appendix. 

Stop 0xC0000221 or STATUS_IMAGE_CHECKSUM_MISMATCH

This Stop message indicates driver, system file, or disk corruption problems (such as a damaged paging file). Faulty memory hardware can also cause this Stop message to appear.

Possible Resolutions:

• You can use Driver Rollback or System Restore from safe mode, to restore a previous driver. You can also use Windows XP Professional recovery features such as the Last Known Good Configuration startup option, Backup, or Automated System Recovery to restore a previous working configuration. After restoring from backup media, you might need to reapply service packs or hotfixes, depending on when the backups were made. 

• If the Stop message names the specific file, try replacing it manually with a fresh copy from the Windows XP Professional operating system CD using safe mode or Recovery Console. For systems using the FAT16 or FAT32 file system, you have the option of using a Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition Emergency Boot Disk to access the hard disk. 
If the original file from the operating system CD has a file name that ends with an underscore (_) character, you cannot use the file until it is uncompressed. The Recovery Console's Copy command is ideal for copying compressed files because it detects and expands them. If you do not specify a destination file name, you must rename the expanded file with the correct extension before using it. From safe mode or Recovery Console, you can use the Expand command to uncompress and copy a file to a destination location. In Recovery Console, the expanded file is given the correct name after being copied to the destination location. For more information about the Copy or Expand commands, see Windows XP Help and Support Centre. 



~Hak Cipta Rizky~